Surgical procedures employed for oesophageal varices

  1. Endoscopic evaluation
  2. Sengstaken-Blakemore tube : -        If excessive bleeding prevents endoscopic examination
       Sengstaken-Blakemore tube may be inserted to provide temporary haemostasis.
       Once inserted the gastric balloon is inflated with varices at the oesophagogastric junction        are tamponaded by the subsequent inflation of the oesophageal balloon to a ga pressure of
       40 mm Hg The two remaining channels allow gastric and oesophageal aspiration
       An X-ray is used to confirm the position of the tube. The balloons should be deflated after 12        hours to prevent pressure necrosis of the oesophagus

Endoscopic treatment of varices
    3. Endoscopic     Sclerotherapy    using 5% ethanolamine oleate
     4. Endoscopic     Banding
     5.                       (TIPSS)
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunts has become the main treatment of variceal haemorrhage which has not responded to drug treatment and sclerotherapy.

       Surgical shunts for variceal haemorrhage
     6.        Rarely considered - spleno renal and porto caval shunts
o        Oesophageal and / or gastricvarices sedcondary to splenic or portal vein thrombosis can be effectively treated by
      7.        splenectomy and gastro-oesophageal devascularisation.

      8.        Liver transplantation

      9.        Abdominal paracentesis

     10.        Peritoneovenous shunting - one end of the silastic tube in the peritoneal cavity and the other into the internal jugular vein with a one way valve in the silastic tube.








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Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent Shunt (TIPPS)

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Topic index : Anatomy - Cardiovascular system                                      Nursing       Anatomy   Question bank        Axillary artery    Vertebral artery        Arch of aorta    Spinal cord - Blood supply    Brain - Blood supply   right atrium  . Interior of the Heart  median cubital vein    Conduction system of heart   Portalvein     Veins of the  lowerlimb                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
Topic -  Index - Anatomy - Gastrointestinal System                                      
Medical Surgical Nursing      Nursing     The tongue    duodenum    Vermiform appendix   posterior relations of stomach  parotid gland    Pancreas                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
Topic -  Index -   Medical Surgical Nursing -    Disorders of the Nervous System
epilepsy       head injury    Nursing    Anatomy   Index                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
Topic    -    Index    Anatomy  -  Special Senses     special senses    middle ear    ciliary body   intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the eye refractiveerrors                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
Topic -  Index - Anatomy - Nervous System                                    
Medical Surgical Nursing      Nursing     The tongue        Vermiform appendix         Pancreas            Blood supply to brain   Blood supply to the spinal cord  pyramidal tract   brain stem      Circle of Willis    Meninges   Cerebellum structure and functions    composition and functions of CSF  Basal nuclei   circulation of CSF   Cranialnerves                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
Topic -  Index - Anatomy - Osteology                                 
Osteology    skull    axial skeleton    appendicular skeleton    bones and joints of the upper limb           bones of the skeleton        carpal bones   tarsal bones   joints of the lower limb    synovial joint        cranium    long bone    physiologyofbonehealing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                          Topic -  Index - Anatomy - Reproductive System          Reproductive system  Osteology    spermatic cord &  testis   uterus    uterus and its relations                  uterine or Fallopian tubes     maleurethra        prostate     seminal vesicles   questionbank                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
Topic    -    Index    Anatomy  -   Myology    myology  diaphragm  gastrocnemius   deltoid  muscles of the anterior abdominal wall   gluteus maximus                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
Topic -  Index -   Medical Surgical Nursing -   Disorders of GIT
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System     Nursing    Anatomy   Index    Colostomy & its care     Haemorrhoids       appendicitis       Hepatitis   surgical procedures for oesophageal varices    powerpoints for teaching staff                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
Topic - Index - Medical Surgical Nursing - Disorders of the Reproductive System   Disorders of the Reproductive System     Nursing    Anatomy   Index                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
Topic    -    Index    Anatomy  -  Special anatomical regions - hernia    cubital fossa    popliteal fossa   danger area of face    carpal tunnel    triangles of neck                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
Topic Index   - Anatomy -  Respiratory system -  lungs  trachea
Topic    -    Index   Anatomy  -  Cytolog and Histology -  cartilage    epithelium                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                      System Index : Anatomy
Medical Surgical Nursing         Anatomy   question bank   short notes  cardiovascular system   nervous system   special senses   endocrine system   respiratory system  urinary sytem    myology,     git  special anatomical regions or mis        body homeostasis cytology & histology blood     reticuloendothelial system        nutrition   blood   reproductive system powerpoints for teaching staff osteology                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  



Topic    -    Index   Anatomy  - Reticuloendothelial system       structure and function of the spleen    Lymph node              
                          Topic -  Index - Anatomy - Urinary System       urinary bladder    ureter     kidney and other urinary organs      acute renal failure     male urethra      female urethra      prostate gland                 urinary stones     
Embryology
fetal membranes      amnion   graafian follicle  chorion       i












Topic index - Medical Surgical Nursing - Disorders of the Respiratory System
water seal drainabe     pleural effusion          
Topic -  Index -   Medical Surgical Nursing -    Disorders of the Cardiovascular System    Nursing    Anatomy   Index    allen buerger's exercises  An introduction to ECG                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
X- Rays
normal chest x-ray    pleural effusion    
Investigations
ecg an intruduction                            
Topic -  Index -  Medical Surgical Nursing -    Disorders of the Endocrine System  cretinism