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Joints of the lower limb

Hip Joint

Bony components

Innominate bone (hip bone) - ileum, ischium,pubis. - articulating part - acetabulum

Head of femur

Ball and socket joint - synovial joint

Ligaments

Iliofemoral pubofemoral and ischiofemoral li

Ligamentum teres inside the joint

Movements

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

External rotation

Internal rotation

Muscles acting on the joint : iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris, gluteal muscles, sartorius, adductor group.

Knee Joint

Hinge joint - weight bearing joint - synovial joint

Bony components

Condyles of the femur

Condyles of the tibia

Posterior surface of the patella

Ligaments

Medial and lateral menisci - fibrocartilagenous discs

Cruciate ligaments - intracapsular - anteroposterior stability

Medial collateral ligament

Lateral collateral ligament

Capsular ligament

Bursae - e.g. prepatellar, suprapatellar, infrapatellar, semimembranosus bursa, popliteal bursa

Prepatellar pad of fat - along with bursae it reduces frictio

Muscles & Movements

Gastrocnemius - Flexion

Hamstrings - Flexion - (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus

Quadriceps femoris - Extension

Popliteus - Locking of the knee - rotation

Ankle Joint

Hinge joints - weight bearing joint - synovial joint

Bony components

Distal end of tibia and its malleolus

The distal end of tibia (lateral malleolus)

Talus

Muscles & Movements

Tibialis anterior dorsiflexion (flexion)

Extensor digitorum longus dorsiflexion

Gastrocnemius plantar flexion (estension)

Soleus plantar flexion

Flexors of the toes Plantar flexion

The movements of inversion and eversion do not take place in the ankle joint; they take place in the subtalar joints between the tarsal bones

Joints of the foot and toes

Synovial joint between the tarsal bones, between the tarsal and metatarsal bones, between the metatarsal bones and the phalanges, between the phalanges of the toes.

They form longitudinal and transverse arches of foot

The movements of these joints are by muscles that originate in the leg through long tendons

all these joints have strong ligaments which along with the tendons of the muscles support the arches.

(metatarso phalangeal joints, proximal interphalangeal joints, distal interphalangeal joints)

body homeostasis cytology & histology blood cardiovascular system reticuloendothelial system nervous system special senses endocrine system respiratory system nutrition git urinary sytem reproductive system myology, osteology nomal values

Bones of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Skull Cranium

Bones of the cranium Tarsal bones Carpal bones Bones of the upper limb Elbow jointLong bone joints of the lower limb synovial joint

Topic index : Anatomy - Cardiovascular system Nursing Anatomy Question bank Axillary artery Vertebral artery Arch of aorta Spinal cord - Blood supply Brain - Blood supply right atrium . Interior of the Heart median cubital vein Conduction system of heart Portalvein Veins of the lowerlimb

Topic - Index - Anatomy - Gastrointestinal System

Medical Surgical Nursing Nursing The tongue duodenum Vermiform appendix posterior relations of stomach parotid gland Pancreas .

Topic - Index Anatomy - Special Senses special senses middle ear ciliary body intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the eye refractiveerrors

Topic - Index - Anatomy - Nervous System

Medical Surgical Nursing Nursing The tongue Vermiform appendix Pancreas Blood supply to brain Blood supply to the spinal cord pyramidal tract brain stem Circle of Willis Meninges Cerebellum structure and functions composition and functions of CSF Basal nuclei circulation of CSF Cranialnerves .

Topic - Index - Anatomy - Osteology

Osteology skull axial skeleton appendicular skeleton bones and joints of the upper limb bones of the skeleton carpal bones tarsal bones joints of the lower limb synovial joint cranium long bone physiologyofbonehealing .

Topic - Index - Anatomy - Reproductive System Reproductive system Osteology spermatic cord & testis uterus uterus and its relationsuterine or Fallopian tubes maleurethra questionbank .

Topic - Index Anatomy - Special anatomical regions - hernia cubital fossa popliteal fossa carpal tunnel triangles of neck

Topic Index - Anatomy - Respiratory system - lungs trachea

Topic - Index Anatomy - Cytolog and Histology - cartilage epithelium

System Index : Anatomy

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Topic - Index Anatomy - Reticuloendothelial system structure and function of the spleen Lymph node

Topic - Index - Anatomy - Urinary System urinary bladder ureter kidney and other urinary organs acute renal failure male urethra female urethra prostate gland urinary stones

Embryology

fetal membranes amnion graafian follicle chorion i